Istanbul, historically known as Byzantium and later Constantinople, is one of the most significant cities in the world. Founded in the 7th century BCE by Greek colonists from Megara, the city quickly grew in importance due to its strategic location on the Bosphorus, controlling vital trade routes between Europe and Asia. In 330 CE, Roman Emperor Constantine the Great proclaimed it the new capital of the Roman Empire, renaming it Constantinople. As the heart of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, the city flourished as a center of culture, commerce, and art, adorned with iconic structures such as the Hagia Sophia, the Hippodrome, and mighty defensive walls.

In 1204, during the Fourth Crusade, Constantinople was occupied by the Latin Crusaders, but it was recaptured by the Byzantines in 1261. In 1453, the city was conquered by Sultan Mehmed II, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire and the beginning of a new era as the capital of the Ottoman Empire. Under Ottoman rule, Istanbul became a vibrant hub of trade and culture, enriched with grand mosques, palaces, markets, and educational institutions. The works of the great architect Mimar Sinan, such as the Süleymaniye Mosque, transformed the skyline into one of the most beautiful in the world.

In the 19th century, the city underwent modernization through the Tanzimat reforms, with the addition of bridges, railways, and modern port facilities. Even after the capital of the newly founded Republic of Turkey moved to Ankara in 1923, Istanbul retained its status as the country’s cultural and economic powerhouse.

Today, Istanbul is a thriving metropolis of over 15 million residents, uniquely situated on both the European and Asian continents. Its historic districts—such as the Old City, Galata, Üsküdar, and Kadıköy—blend ancient landmarks with modern life. From the bustling Grand Bazaar to the serene shores of the Bosphorus, Istanbul remains one of the world’s most captivating and culturally rich cities.